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Tripoli, Lebanon

Coordinates: 34°26′12″N 35°50′04″E / 34.43667°N 35.83444°E / 34.43667; 35.83444
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Tripoli
طرابلس
Clockwise from top left: Citadel of Tripoli, Mansouri Great Mosque minaret, Mamluk architecture, bay view, and a Syriac Catholic church
Clockwise from top left: Citadel of Tripoli, Mansouri Great Mosque minaret, Mamluk architecture, bay view, and a Syriac Catholic church
Nickname(s): 
City of Knowledge and Scholars
Tripoli is located in Lebanon
Tripoli
Tripoli
Coordinates: 34°26′12″N 35°50′04″E / 34.43667°N 35.83444°E / 34.43667; 35.83444
Country Lebanon
GovernorateNorth Governorate
DistrictTripoli District
Government
 • MayorAhmed Qamar Al-Din
Area
 • Total
27.39 km2 (10.58 sq mi)
Population
 (January 2019)
 • Total
243,800
DemonymTripolitan
Time zone+2
 • Summer (DST)+3
Area code06
Websitetripoli-lebanon.org
The walled Nahr Abu Ali at Tripoli

Tripoli (/ˈtrɪpəli/ TRIP-əl-ee; Arabic: طَرَابُلُس, ALA-LC: Ṭarābulus,[1] pronounced [tˤaˈraːbulus] ; Lebanese Arabic: طرابلس, romanized: Ṭrāblus, locally [ˈtˤrɔːblɪs]; see below) is the largest and most important city in northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in the country.[2] Situated 81 km (50 mi) north of the capital Beirut, it is the capital of the North Governorate and the Tripoli District. Tripoli overlooks the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and it is the northernmost seaport in Lebanon. The city is predominantly inhabited by Sunni Muslims,[3] with smaller populations of Alawites and Christians, including Maronites and Armenians among others.[4]

The history of Tripoli dates back at least to the 14th century BCE. It was called Athar by the Phoenicians, and later Tripolis by the Greek settlers, whence the modern Arabic name Ṭarābulus derives. In the Arab world, Tripoli has been historically known as Ṭarābulus ash-Shām (Arabic: طرابلس الشام, lit.'Tripoli of the Levant'), to distinguish it from its Libyan counterpart, known as Ṭarābulus al-Gharb (Arabic: طرابلس الغرب‎, lit.'Tripoli of the West').

Landmarks of Tripoli include the Mansouri Great Mosque and the Citadel of Tripoli, which is the largest crusader castle in Lebanon. The city has the second highest concentration of Mamluk architecture after Cairo. Tripoli also holds a string of four small islands offshore, the Palm Islands, which were declared a protected area because of their status as a haven for endangered loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), rare monk seals and migratory birds. Tripoli borders the city of El Mina, the port of the Tripoli District, which it is geographically conjoined with to form the greater Tripoli conurbation.

With the formation of Lebanon and the 1948 breakup of the Syrian–Lebanese customs union, Tripoli, once on par in economic and commercial importance to Beirut, was cut off from its traditional trade relations with the Syrian hinterland and therefore declined in relative prosperity.[5] The city faces recurrent sectarian clashes, high unemployment, economic disparities, and the infiltration of radical Islamist groups in poorer neighborhoods.[4]

Names

[edit]

According to classical writers Diodorus Siculus, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo, the city was founded by combining colonies from three different Phoenician cities – Tyre, Sidon and Arwad. These colonies were each a stadion (c. 180 m) apart from each other, and the combined city became known as 'Triple City', or Trípolis (Τρίπολις) in Greek.[6]

Tripoli had a number of different names as far back as the Phoenician age. In the Amarna letters the name Derbly, possibly a Semitic cognate of the city's modern Arabic name Ṭarābulus,[need quotation to verify] was mentioned, and in other places Ahlia or Wahlia are mentioned (14th century BCE).[7] In an engraving concerning the invasion of Tripoli by the Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (888–859 BCE), it is called Mahallata or Mahlata, Mayza, and Kayza.[8]

Under the Phoenicians, the name Athar was used to refer to Tripoli.[9] When the Ancient Greeks settled in the city they called it Trípolis, meaning 'triple city', influenced by the earlier phonetically similar but etymologically unrelated name Derbly.[10] The Arabs called it Ṭarābulus and Ṭarābulus ash-Shām (referring to bilād ash-Shām, or Levant, to distinguish it from the Libyan city with the same name).

Once, Tripoli was also known as al-Fayḥāʾ (الفيحاء), which is a term derived from the Arabic verb fāḥa (فاح) which is used to indicate the diffusion of a scent or smell. Tripoli was once known for its vast orange orchards. During the season of blooming, the pollen of orange flowers was said to be carried on the air, creating a splendid perfume that filled the city and suburbs.[11]

Arabic calligraphic representation of the nickname of Tripoli: "Tripoli, The City of Knowledge and Scholars"

The city of Tripoli is also given the title of "City of Knowledge and Scholars" (Arabic: طرابلس مدينة العلم والعلماء, romanized: Ṭarābulus madīnat al-ʿilm wa-l-ʿulamāʾ).[12][13][14][15]

History

[edit]
Overview of historical districts in Tripoli

Evidence of settlement in Tripoli dates back as early as 1400 BCE. Tripoli was originally established as a Phoenician colony in the 8th century BC.[16] There, the Phoenicians established a trading station and later, under Persian rule, the city became the center of a confederation of the Phoenician city-states of Sidon, Tyre, and Arados Island. Under Hellenistic rule, Tripoli was used as a naval shipyard and the city enjoyed a period of autonomy. It came under Roman rule around 64 BCE. The 551 Beirut earthquake and tsunami destroyed the Byzantine city of Tripoli along with other Mediterranean coastal cities.

Tripoli was conquered by an Arab Muslim army in 635. During Umayyad rule, Tripoli became a commercial and shipbuilding center. It achieved semi-independence under Fatimid rule, when it developed into a center of learning. The Crusaders laid siege to the city at the beginning of the 12th century and were able finally to enter it in 1109. This caused extensive destruction, including the burning of Tripoli's famous library, Dar al-'Ilm (House of Knowledge), with its thousands of volumes. During the Crusaders' rule the city became the capital of the County of Tripoli. In 1289, it fell to the Mamluks and the old port part of the city was destroyed. A new inland city was then built near the old castle. During Ottoman rule from 1516 to 1918, it retained its prosperity and commercial importance. Tripoli and all of Lebanon was under French mandate from 1920 until 1943 when Lebanon achieved independence.

Ancient period

[edit]

Many historians reject the presence of any Phoenician civilization in Tripoli before the 8th (or sometimes 4th) century BCE. Others argue that the north–south gradient of Phoenician port establishments on the Lebanese coast indicates an earlier age for the Phoenician Tripoli.

Tripoli has not been extensively excavated because the ancient site lies buried beneath the modern city of El Mina. However, a few accidental finds are now in museums. Excavations in El Mina revealed skeletal remains of ancient wolves, eels, and gazelles, part of the ancient southern port quay, grinding mills, different types of columns, wheels, bows, and a necropolis from the end of the Hellenistic period. A sounding made in the Crusader castle uncovered Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, in addition to Roman, Byzantine, and Fatimid remains. At the Abou Halka area (at the southern entrance of Tripoli) refuges dating to the early (30,000 years old) and middle Stone Age were uncovered.[17]

Ruins in Tripoli

Tripoli became a financial center and main port of northern Phoenicia with sea trade (East Mediterranean and the West), and caravan trade (North Syria and hinterland).

Under the Seleucids, Tripoli gained the right to mint its own coins (112 BCE); it was granted autonomy between 104 and 105, which it retained until 64 BCE. At the time, Tripoli was a center of shipbuilding and cedar timber trade (like other Phoenician cities).

During the Roman and Byzantine period, Tripoli witnessed the construction of important public buildings including a municipal stadium or gymnasium due to the strategic position of the city midway on the imperial coastal highway leading from Antioch to Ptolemais. In addition, Tripoli retained the same configuration of three distinct and administratively independent quarters (Aradians, Sidonians, and Tyrians). The territory outside the city was divided between the three quarters.

Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods

[edit]

Tripoli gained in importance as a trading centre for the whole Mediterranean after it was inhabited by the Arabs. Tripoli was the port city of Damascus; the second military port of the Arab Navy, following Alexandria; a prosperous commercial and shipbuilding center; a wealthy principality under the Kutama Ismaili Shia Banu Ammar emirs.[18] Legally, Tripoli was part of the jurisdiction of the military province of Damascus (Jund Dimashq).[19]

The Jewish community of Tripoli traces its roots back to the seventh century, as recounted by the Abbasid-era historian al-Baladhuri. During the caliphate of Rashidun caliph Uthman (644–655), the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya, settled Jews in Tripoli, fostering amicable relations with the majority Sunni Muslims. However, during the persecution of dhimmis by the Shi'ite Fatimid caliph al-Hakim (996–1021), the synagogue faced conversion into a mosque. Notably, during the Seljuk invasion in the 1070s, Tripoli served as a refuge for Jews from Palestine, as documented in Cairo Geniza records.[20]

Crusader period

[edit]
Citadel of Tripoli

During the Crusade period, the city became the chief town of the County of Tripoli (a Crusader state founded by Raymond of Saint-Gilles) extending from Byblos to Latakia and including the plain of Akkar with the famous Krak des Chevaliers. Tripoli was also the seat of a bishopric. Tripoli was home to a busy port and was a major center of silk weaving, with as many as 4,000 looms. Important products of the time included lemons, oranges, and sugar cane. For 180 years, during the Frankish rule, Occitan was among the languages spoken in Tripoli and neighboring villages.[21] At that time, Tripoli had a heterogeneous population including Western Europeans, Greeks, Armenians, Maronites, Nestorians, Jews, and Muslims.

During that time, Tripoli witnessed the growth of the inland settlement surrounding the "Pilgrim's Mountain" (the Citadel of Tripoli) into a built-up suburb including the main religious monuments of the city such as: The "Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Pilgrim's Mountain" (incorporating the Shiite shrine), the Church of Saint Mary of the Tower, and the Carmelite Church. The state was a major base of operations for the military order of the Knights Hospitaller, who occupied the famous castle Krak Des Chevaliers (today a UNESCO world heritage site). The state ceased to exist in 1289, when it was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Qalawun.

The mid-twelfth century earthquake led to the death of many Jews in Tripoli, as noted by Jewish explorer Benjamin of Tudela.[22]

Mamluk period

[edit]
The Mansouri Great Mosque (late 13th century). The arches and courtyard date from the Mamluk period but the minaret is believed to be an earlier Christian structure.[23]
Downtown historical Tripoli

Tripoli was captured by Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun from the Crusaders in 1289. The Mamluks destroyed the old city and built a new city 4 km inland from it.[24] About 35 monuments from the Mamluk city have survived to the present day, including mosques, madrasas, khanqahs, hammams (bathhouses), and caravanserais, many of them built by local Mamluk amirs (princes).[25] The Mamluks did not fortify the city with walls but restored and reused Saint-Gille's citadel.[24]

During the Mamluk period, Tripoli became a central city and provincial capital of the six kingdoms in Mamluk Syria. Tripoli ranked third after Aleppo and Damascus.[26][27] The kingdom was subdivided into six wilayahs or provinces and extended from Byblos and Aqra mountains south, to Latakia and al Alawiyyin mountains north. It also included Hermel, the plain of Akkar, and Hosn al-Akrad (Krak des Chevaliers).[28]

Tripoli became a major trading port of Syria supplying Europe with candy, loaf and powdered sugar (especially during the latter part of the 14th century). The main products from agriculture and small industry included citrus fruits, olive oil, soap, and textiles (cotton and silk, especially velvet).

The Mamluks formed the ruling class holding main political, military and administrative functions. Arabs formed the population base (religious, industrial, and commercial functions) and the general population included the original inhabitants of the city, immigrants from different parts of the Levant, North Africans who accompanied Qalawun's army during the liberation of Tripoli, Eastern Orthodox Christians, some Western families, and a minority of Jews. The population size of Mamluk Tripoli is estimated at 20,000–40,000; against 100,000 in each of Damascus and Aleppo.[28]

Mamluk Tripoli witnessed a high rate of urban growth and a fast city development (according to traveler's accounts). It also had poles of growth including the fortress, the Great Mosque, and the river banks. The city had seven guard towers on the harbor site to defend the inland city, including what still stands today as the Lion Tower. During the period the castle of Saint-Gilles was expanded as the Citadel of Mamluk Tripoli. The "Aqueduct of the Prince" was reused to bring water from the Rash'in spring. Several bridges were constructed and the surrounding orchards expanded through marsh drainage. Fresh water was supplied to houses from their roofs.

The urban form of Mamluk Tripoli was dictated mainly by climate, site configuration, defense, and urban aesthetics. The layout of major thoroughfares was set according to prevailing winds and topography. The city had no fortifications, but heavy building construction characterized by compact urban forms, narrow and winding streets for difficult city penetration. Residential areas were bridged over streets at strategic points for surveillance and defense. The city also included many loopholes and narrow slits at street junctions.

The religious and secular buildings of Mamluk Tripoli comprise a fine example of the architecture of that time. The oldest among them were built with stones taken from 12th and 13th-century churches; the characteristics of the architecture of the period are best seen in the mosques and madrassas, the Islamic schools. It is the madrassas which most attract attention, for they include highly original structures as well as decoration: here a honeycombed ceiling, there a curiously shaped corniche, doorway or moulded window frame. Among the finest is the madrassa al-Burtasiyah, with an elegant façade picked out in black and white stones and a highly decorated lintel over the main door.

East Tripoli

Public buildings in Mamluk Tripoli were emphasized through sitting, façade treatment, and street alignment. Well-cut and well-dressed stones (local sandstone) were used as media of construction and for decorative effects on elevations and around openings (the ablaq technique of alternating light and dark stone courses). Bearing walls were used as vertical supports. Cross vaults covered most spaces from prayer halls to closed rectangular rooms, to galleries around courtyards. Domes were constructed over conspicuous and important spaces like tomb chambers, mihrab, and covered courtyards. Typical construction details in Mamluk Tripoli included cross vaults with concave grooves meeting in octagonal openings or concave rosettes as well as simple cupolas or ribbed domes. The use of double drums and corner squinches was commonly used to make the transition from square rooms to round domes.[17]

Decorations in Mamluk buildings concentrated on the most conspicuous areas of buildings: minarets, portals, windows, on the outside, and mihrab, qiblah wall, and floor on the inside. Decorations at the time may be subdivided into structural decoration (found outside the buildings and incorporate the medium of construction itself such as ablaq walls, plain or zigzag moldings, fish scale motifs, joggled lintels or voussoirs, inscriptions, and muqarnas) and applied decoration (found inside the buildings and include the use of marble marquetry, stucco, and glass mosaic).[17]

Mosques evenly spread with major concentration of madrasas around the Mansouri Great Mosque. All khans were located in the northern part of the city for easy accessibility from roads to Syria. Hammams (public baths) were carefully located to serve major population concentrations: one next to the Grand Mosque, the other in the center of the commercial district, and the third in the right-bank settlement.

About 35 monuments from the Mamluk city have survived to the present day, including mosques, madrasas, khanqahs, hammams, and caravanserais, many of them built by local Mamluk amirs.[25] Major buildings in Mamluk Tripoli included six congregational mosques (the Mansouri Great Mosque, al-Aattar, Taynal, al-Uwaysiyat, al-Burtasi, and al-Tawbat Mosques). Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–93) founded the city's first congregational mosque in memory of his father (Qalawun), in either late 1293 or 1294 (693 AH).[29][30] Six madrasas were later built around the mosque.[30][31][32] The Mamluks did not fortify the city with walls but restored and reused a Crusader citadel on the site.[24] In addition, there were two quarter mosques (Abd al-Wahed and Arghoun Shah), and two mosques that were built on empty land (al-Burtasi and al-Uwaysiyat). Other mosques incorporated earlier structures (churches, khans, and shops). Mamluk Tripoli also included 16 madrasas of which four no longer exist (al-Zurayqiyat, al-Aattar, al-Rifaiyah, and al-Umariyat). Six of the madrasas concentrated around the Grand Mosque. Tripoli also included a Khanqah, many secular buildings, five Khans, three hammams (Turkish baths) that are noted for their cupolas. Hammams were luxuriously decorated and the light streaming down from their domes enhances the inner atmosphere of the place.

Ottoman period

[edit]
Tripoli in 1690
Tripoli gold bezant in Arabic (1270–1300), and Tripoli silver gros (1275–1287), British Museum

During the Ottoman period, Tripoli became the provincial capital and chief town of the Eyalet of Tripoli, encompassing the coastal territory from Byblos to Tarsus and the inland Syrian towns of Homs and Hama; the two other eyalets were Aleppo Eyalet, and Şam Eyalet. Until 1612, Tripoli was considered as the port of Aleppo. It also depended on Syrian interior trade and tax collection from mountainous hinterland. Tripoli witnessed a strong presence of French merchants during the 17th and 18th centuries and became under intense inter-European competition for trade. Tripoli was reduced to a sanjak centre in the Vilayet of Beirut in 19th century and retained her status until 1918 when it was captured by British forces.

Public works in Ottoman Tripoli included the restoration of the Citadel of Tripoli by Suleiman I, the Magnificent. That was the only major project during 400 years of Ottoman Rule. Later governors brought further modifications to the original Crusader structure used as garrison center and prison. Khan al-Saboun (originally a military barrack) was constructed in the center of the city to control any uprising. Ottoman Tripoli also witnessed the development of the southern entrance of the city and many buildings, such as the al-Muallaq or "hanging" Mosque (1559), al-Tahhan Mosque (early 17th century), and al-Tawbah mosque (Mamluk construction, destroyed by 1612 flood and restored during early Ottoman Period). It also included several secular buildings, such as Khan al-Saboun (early 17th century) and Hammam al-Jadid (1740).

French Mandate

[edit]

After the partition of the Ottoman Empire, the French created the territory of Greater Lebanon, whose borders forcibly separated Tripoli from Syria, a decision that was contested by Tripolitans.[33] Tripoli's population - mostly Sunni Muslims - found itself isolated in this state dominated by Christians, and so Tripoli developed a strong identity as a bastion for Muslim Arab nationalism and anti-imperialism.[33] During this period, protests demanding reunification with Syria were backed by the Syrian National Bloc until the French cut off their support, resulting in a massive 33 day general strike in 1936.[33]

Independent Lebanon

[edit]

Since Lebanese independence was achieved, Tripoli has been mired in a period of extended economic and political decline. Beirut's rise as Lebanon's dominant port deprived Tripoli of its former preeminence as a trade hub, and globalization eroded the city's ability to compete in manufacturing.[34] Lebanon's civil war, from 1975 to 1990, hit Tripoli hard. On 15 September 1985 intense fighting broke out between Tawheed al-Islami, a Sunni militia which controlled the harbour and was backed by the PLO, and the Alawite Arab Democratic Party’s militia. The ADP were backed by the communist Red Knights as well as Syrian special forces. After a week of fighting which saw around 150 killed, 4500 wounded and 200,000 people leaving their homes, the Syrians brokered a truce which involved the Syrian army occupying five key positions and the removal of heavy weapons.[35] The truce broke down on 27 September and Tahweed al-Islami positions where bombarded from SSNP and Syrian artillery positions in the surrounding hills. On 1 October, following an Iranian diplomatic intervention, Tahweed agreed to surrender their heavy weapons and Syrian troops, on 6 October, were deployed throughout the city. A further 350 people had been killed and hundreds more wounded.[36]

The Syrian army remained in the city for almost three decades until 2005:

As a majority Sunni city with a growing strain of indigenous Islamist militancy, Tripoli suffered some of the Syrians’ cruelest predations at a time when then-President Hafez al-Assad was engaged in the brutal suppression of Syria’s own Muslim Brotherhood.[34]

Wartime violence and instability triggered waves of emigration and capital flight. It also left Tripoli increasingly isolated, not least due to the dismantling of Lebanon's rail network and the abandonment of the Tripoli railway station. The city, moreover, saw little of the post-war reconstruction funding that Prime Minister Rafic Hariri ushered into Lebanon, with an overwhelming focus on the capital.[34]

Rusted cars at the Tripoli railway station

In the years since, living conditions in Tripoli have continued to decline. In 2016, the United Nation's Human Settlements Program estimated that 58% of Tripoli's Lebanese residents lived in poverty.[37] That already high figure preceded Lebanon's 2019 financial crisis, which has ratcheted up poverty and food insecurity.[38]

Tripoli's stagnation is attributable, in part, to the city's dysfunctional politics, in which a fragmented array of Sunni political figures (such as Saad Hariri, Najib Mikati, Faisal Karami, and Ashraf Rifi) vie for influence through competing networks of patronage: "No single leader has been able to assert dominance, leaving city politics to devolve into chaos."[39]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1975217,936—    
1990210,574−0.23%
2000217,614+0.33%
2015282,315+1.75%
Source: [citation needed]

Tripoli has a majority Arab, Sunni Muslim population in neighborhoods such as Bab al-Tabbaneh, right next to the [2][5] small Lebanese-Alawite community that is concentrated in the Jabal Mohsen neighborhood. Christians constitute today less than 5 percent of the population of the city.[5][40] The Christian population in the city comprises Greek Orthodox Christians, Maronites and Greek Catholics, along with Armenians.[2]

Tripoli stands as one of Lebanon's less stable cities, marked by recurrent sectarian tensions among its communities, notably the Sunni and Alawite populations. The impact of the Syrian civil war, beginning in 2011, had extended into Tripoli, where Alawites aligned with the former Assad regime, and Sunnis supported the opposition, resulting in frequent and intense clashes between the two groups.

Geography

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Climate

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Tripoli has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with mild wet winters and very dry, hot summers. Temperatures are moderated throughout the year due to the warm Mediterranean current coming from Western Europe. Therefore, temperatures are warmer in the winter by around 10 °C (18 °F) and cooler in the summer by around 7 °C (13 °F) compared to the interior of Lebanon. Although snow is an extremely rare event that only occurs around once every ten years, hail is common and occurs fairly regularly in the winter. Rainfall is concentrated in the winter months, with the summer typically being very dry.

Climate data for Tripoli, Lebanon (elevation: 6m, at El Mina)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7)
22.6
(72.7)
30.2
(86.4)
32.2
(90.0)
33.9
(93.0)
35.2
(95.4)
33.5
(92.3)
33.2
(91.8)
31.8
(89.2)
31.4
(88.5)
31.4
(88.5)
25.4
(77.7)
35.2
(95.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7)
16.9
(62.4)
18.6
(65.5)
21.1
(70.0)
24.6
(76.3)
27.1
(80.8)
29.3
(84.7)
30.2
(86.4)
29.5
(85.1)
27.1
(80.8)
23.8
(74.8)
18.9
(66.0)
23.6
(74.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0)
13.3
(55.9)
14.9
(58.8)
17.5
(63.5)
21.3
(70.3)
24.0
(75.2)
26.2
(79.2)
27.1
(80.8)
25.7
(78.3)
22.8
(73.0)
19.0
(66.2)
14.6
(58.3)
19.9
(67.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1)
9.8
(49.6)
11.1
(52.0)
13.7
(56.7)
17.1
(62.8)
19.8
(67.6)
22.1
(71.8)
23.0
(73.4)
21.5
(70.7)
18.8
(65.8)
15.4
(59.7)
10.9
(51.6)
16.1
(60.9)
Record low °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6)
3.2
(37.8)
5.0
(41.0)
9.2
(48.6)
11.4
(52.5)
15.6
(60.1)
19.0
(66.2)
20.6
(69.1)
17.0
(62.6)
11.2
(52.2)
8.0
(46.4)
3.4
(38.1)
−0.8
(30.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 195
(7.7)
119
(4.7)
114
(4.5)
54
(2.1)
16
(0.6)
1
(0.0)
trace trace 12
(0.5)
57
(2.2)
108
(4.3)
176
(6.9)
852
(33.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13 14 11 6 2 trace 0 0 1 6 8 13 74
Average relative humidity (%) 69 72 70 74 76 75 75 73 69 69 66 72 72
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst(precipitation 1951-1980, precip days 1931-1964, humidity 1959-1967)[41]

Offshore islands

[edit]
Palm Islands Nature Reserve

Tripoli has many offshore islands. The Palm Islands Nature Reserve, or the Rabbits' Island, is the largest of the islands with an area of 20 ha (49 acres). The name "Araneb" or Rabbits comes from the great numbers of rabbits that were grown on the island during the time of the French mandate early in the 20th century. It is now a nature reserve for green turtles, rare birds and rabbits. Declared as a protected area by UNESCO in 1992, camping, fire building or other depredation is forbidden. In addition to its scenic landscape, the Palm Island is also a cultural heritage site. Evidence for human occupation, dated back to the Crusader period, was uncovered during 1973 excavations by the General Directorate of Antiquities. The Bakar Islands, also known as Abdulwahab Island, were leased to Adel and Khiereddine Abdulwahab as a shipyard, since the Ottoman rule and until this day a ship and marine contractor. It was also known as St Thomas Island during the Crusades.

The opposite of Palms Island, which is a large flat sandy beach, is Ramkin Island. This island is largely made up of cliffs and rocks.

Landmarks

[edit]
City of Tripoli, Lebanon
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
1.5km
1mile
26
Taynal Mosque
25
Mu'allaq Mosque
24
Mansouri Great Mosque
23
Abd al-Wahid Mosque
22
Al-Uwaysiyat Mosque
21
Al-Burtasi Mosque
20
Al-Attar Mosque
19
Al-Tawbat Mosque
18
St George Cathedral
17
16
Rachid Karami International Fair
15
14
Al-Salam Hospital
13
Al-Saʼeḥ Library
12
11
University of Tripoli
10
Jinan University Lebanon
9
8
City University
7
6
Beirut Arab University (BAU)
5
Old Railway Station
4
Port of Tripoli
3
Barsbay Tower
2
Tripoli Clock Tower
1
Citadel of Tripoli
Legend

Citadel of Tripoli

[edit]

The Citadel of Tripoli is also known as the Castle of Saint-Gilles (Arabic: قلعة سان جيل Qalʻat Sān Jīl; French: Château Saint-Gilles), in reference to Raymond de Saint-Gilles, who dominated the city in 1102 and commanded a fortress to be built in which he named Mont Pèlerin (Mount Pilgrim). The original castle was burnt down in 1289, and rebuilt again on numerous occasions and was rebuilt in 1307–08 by Emir Essendemir Kurgi.

Later the citadel was rebuilt in part by the Ottoman Empire which can be seen today, with its massive Ottoman gateway, over which is an engraving from Süleyman the Magnificent who had ordered the restoration. In the early 19th century, the Citadel was extensively restored by the Ottoman Governor of Tripoli Mustafa Agha Barbar.

Clock Tower

[edit]
The Al-Tell Clock Tower

The Clock Tower is one of the most iconic monuments in Tripoli. The tower is located in Al-Tell square, and was gifted to the city by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[34] It was erected in 1906 to celebrate the 30th year of Abdulhamid II of the Ottoman Empire, like the Jaffa Clock Tower in Israel and many others throughout the Empire.

The Clock Tower underwent a renovation in 1992, and now the clock tower is again operational.

Hammams

[edit]
Hammam an-Nuri Tripoli Lebanon

When Tripoli was visited by Ibn Batutah in 1355, he described the newly founded Mamluk city. "Traversed by water-channels and full of’ gardens", he writes, "the houses are newly built. The sea lies two leagues distant, and the ruins of the old town are seen on the sea-shore. It was taken by the Franks, but al-Malik ath-Tháhir (Qala’un) retook it from them, and then laid the place in ruins and built the present town. There are fine baths here.’’

Indeed, the hammams built in Tripoli by the early Mamluk governors were splendid edifices and many of them are still present until today. Some of the more known are:

  • Abed
  • Izz El-Din
  • Hajeb
  • Jadid
  • An-Nouri, built 1333 by the Mamluk governor Nur El-Din, is located in the vicinity of the Grand Mosque.[42]

Oscar Niemeyer's Rachid Karame Fairground

[edit]
Rachid Karami International
Fair-Tripoli
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The helicopter landing apron (left) and the gateway arch to the open-air theatre at the Rashid Karami International Fair
The helicopter landing apron (left) and the gateway arch to the open-air theatre at the Rashid Karami International Fair
LocationLebanon
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv
Reference1702
Inscription2023 (45th Session)
Endangered2023–present

The International Fair of Tripoli site,[43] formally known as the Rachid Karami International Exhibition Center, is a complex of buildings designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer who was commissioned for the project in 1962. The site was built for a World's Fair event to be held in the city, but construction was halted in 1975 due to the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war, and never resumed. The site contains 15 semi-completed Niemeyer buildings within an approximate 75.6 ha (187-acre) area near Tripoli's southern entrance.[44]

"More recent years have seen the fairground undermined by a mixture of periodic instability and nonsensical administrative procedures that make it virtually impossible to put the facility to use. If the city needed any more physical metaphors for decay, the fairground is flanked by a Quality Inn that is literally falling apart, and whose ownership is years overdue on payment to the site’s administrators."[34]

In 2023, the Rashid Karami International Fair was added to both the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger.[45]

Tripoli Railway Station

[edit]

Churches

[edit]

Many churches in Tripoli are a reminder of the history of the city. These churches also show the diversity of Christians in Lebanon and particularly in Tripoli:

  • Saint Michael Cathedral of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy
  • St. Elie Greek Orthodox Church
  • St. Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church
  • St Francis Roman Catholic Church
  • St. Georges Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral
  • Saint Hokekalousd Armenian Orthodox Church
  • St. John of the Pilgrims Mount church Maronite Catholic Church
  • Our Lady oof the Annunciation Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral
  • Then National Evangelical Church

Mosques

[edit]
Taynal Mosque

Tripoli is a very rich city containing many mosques that are spread all over the city. In every district of the city there is a mosque. During the Mamluk era, a lot of mosques were built and many still remain until today.

Some of the more known mosques:

The Al-Ghuraba cemetery is located within the city.

Education

[edit]
Universities in Tripoli and
North Lebanon Branches
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
5km
3miles
14
Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK)
13
University of Balamand
12
Saint Joseph University (USJ)
11
10
9
American University of Technology (AUT)
8
7
Jinan University Lebanon
6
5
4
City University
3
University of Tripoli
2
1
Beirut Arab University (BAU)
Legend
(Red colour is only used for clarity)
1
Beirut Arab University (BAU)
2
AZM University
3
University of Tripoli
4
City University
5
Lebanese University
6
Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon (AUL)
7
Jinan University Lebanon
8
Lebanese International University
9
American University of Technology (AUT)
10
Notre Dame University (NDU)
11
Lebanese-French University of Technology and Applied Sciences (ULF)
12
Saint Joseph University (USJ)
13
University of Balamand
14
Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK)

Tripoli has a large number of schools of all levels, public and private. It is also served by several universities within the city limits as well as in its metro area.

The universities in Tripoli and its metro area are:

  • University of Tripoli Lebanon
  • The Lebanese University – North Lebanon Branch
  • Universite St Joseph – North Lebanon
  • Lebanese International University (Dahr el Ein, Just outside the city)
  • Al-Manar University of Tripoli (changed to "City University")
  • Jinan University
  • University of Balamand (Qelhat, in the Koura district, just outside the city)
  • Notre Dame University (Barsa, in the Koura district, just outside the city)
  • Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon-North Lebanon Branch
  • Beirut Arab University – North Lebanon Branch
  • Universite Saint Espirt de Kaslik – Chekka ( Just Outside The City )
  • Université de Technologie et de Sciences Appliquées Libano-Française (chamber of commerce)
  • Azm university

Economy

[edit]

Tripoli stands out as one of Lebanon's economically poorest cities, marked by a substantial divide between the affluent and poor residents. The city grapples with elevated unemployment rates, and certain impoverished neighborhoods have become strongholds for Islamist and other radical factions.[2]

Commerce

[edit]

Tripoli, while once economically comparable to Beirut, has declined in recent decades.[5] Organizations such as the Business Incubation Association in Tripoli (BIAT) are currently trying to revive traditional export businesses such as furniture production, artisanal copper goods, soaps, as well as expand new industries such as ICT offshoring and new technological invention.[46]

The Tripoli Special Economic Zone (TSEZ) was established in 2008 to provide exemptions from many taxes and duties for investment projects that have more than $300,000 of capital and more than half their workers from Lebanon.[47] It is a 55-hectare site adjacent to the Port of Tripoli.[48]

Recently, a Tripoli development plan called "Tripoli Vision 2020" has been formulated and supported by a number of advisory councils including influential key government officials and prominent businessmen in the city. The goal of the project is to provides a comprehensive framework consisting of promoting investment, investing, training, re-skilling, talent placement and output promotion to reinvigorate the city's economy. The Tripoli Vision 2020 was sponsored by the Prime Minister Saad Hariri Office and the Tripoli MPs Joint Office with the comprehensive study conducted by Samir Chreim of SCAS Inc.[49]

Inequality

[edit]

Tripoli embodies Lebanon's extreme wealth inequality: Although it is one of the country's most concentrated centers of poverty, it is also the hometown of several extravagantly wealthy politicians, notably including Najib Mikati, Taha Mikati and Mohammad Safadi who are accused of accumulating their wealth by embezzling government funds.[50]

The Soap Khan

[edit]
The Soap Khan of Tripoli Lebanon

The khan, built around a square courtyard decorated with a fountain, houses soap making workshops and shops. At the end of the 15th century, the governor of Tripoli Yusuf Sayfa Pasha established Khan Al Saboun (the hotel of soap traders). This market was finished at the beginning of the 16th century, the last days of the Mamluk rule. The raw material used for these kinds of soap is olive oil.

The Tailors’ Khan

Khan el-Khayyatin–the Tailors' Khan

[edit]

Unlike other khans built around a square courtyard, el-Khayyatin, built in the 14th century, is a 60 meter long passage with arches on each side.[51]

Arabic sweets

[edit]

Tripoli is regionally known for its Arabic sweets.

Environmental issues

[edit]

Lebanese public opinion and Lebanese authorities rarely react to minor oil spills from merchant ships calling at Lebanese ports. Being without inspection, and discharging close to the shore, oil tankers pollute the coast.[52] These pollutions have a direct effect on the marine life.

International relations

[edit]

Twin towns – Sister cities

[edit]

Tripoli is twinned with:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "طَرَابُلُس: Lebanon". Geographical Names. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad; Najem, Tom (2021). Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-5381-2043-9.
  3. ^ Battat, Zach; Cohen, Ronen A.; Naor, Dan (2 January 2024). "Salafism in Lebanon: the significance of Fathi Yakan and Al-Jamaʿa Al-Islamiyya". Middle Eastern Studies. 60 (1): 126–138. doi:10.1080/00263206.2023.2172405. ISSN 0026-3206.
  4. ^ a b Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021). Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-5381-2043-9.
  5. ^ a b c d Gary C. Gambill (December 2004). "Islamist Groups in Lebanon". MERIA. Vol. 11, no. 4. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  6. ^ John Murray (Firm); Porter, J.L. (1868). A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine: Including an Account of the Geography, History, Antiquities, and Inhabitants of These Countries, the Peninsula of Sinai, Edom, and the Syrian Desert; with Detailed Descriptions of Jerusalem, Petra, Damascus, and Palmyra. p. 549. Retrieved 4 October 2022. Tripoli, according to ancient writers (Diodorus Siculus, Pliny, and Strabo), originally consisted of three quarters, a stadium distant from each other, and founded respectively by colonies from Aradus, Sidon, and Tyre – hence its name, "the Triple City."
  7. ^ Les peuples et les civilisations du Proche Orient by Jawād Būlus. p. 308.[full citation needed]
  8. ^ Wanderings −2: History of the Jews by Chaim Potok. p. 169.[full citation needed]
  9. ^ History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine by Philip Khuri Hitti. p. 225.[full citation needed]
  10. ^ Lebanon in Pictures by Peter Roop, Sam Schultz, Margaret J. Goldstein. p. 17.[full citation needed]
  11. ^ Ghazi Omar Tadmouri (30 October 2009). "Names of Tripoli through the history". Tripoli City. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  12. ^ "President's Message – City University". 24 May 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  13. ^ admin (14 March 2015). "طرابلس الفيحاء مدينة العلم والعلماء والآثار... تمتاز بقلعتها وحلوياتها". القدس العربي (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  14. ^ اللواء, جريدة. "طرابلس، مدينة العلم والعلماء والإنتفاضات والثورات". جريدة اللواء (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  15. ^ Abdo, Ibrahim (23 August 2022). "طرابلس، مدينة العلم والعلماء!". SQM Market (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  16. ^ Luz, Nimrod (28 April 2014). The Mamluk City in the Middle East: History, Culture, and the Urban Landscape. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-04884-3.
  17. ^ a b c Saliba, R., Jeblawi, S., and Ajami, G., Tripoli the Old City: Monument Survey – Mosques and Madrasas; A Sourcebook of Maps and Architectural Drawings, Beirut: American University of Beirut Publications, 1995. [page needed]
  18. ^ William Harris (19 July 2012). Lebanon: A History, 600–2011 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780195181111.
  19. ^ Tadmouri, O. AS., Lubnan min al-fath al-islami hatta sukut al-dawla al-'umawiyya (13–132 H/ 634–750 CE): Silsilat Dirasat fi Tarih AlSahel AlShami, Tripoli, 1990. Arabic.
  20. ^ Schulze, Kirsten (October 2010). "Sidon". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Reference Online.
  21. ^ Lewis, Kevin James (21 April 2017). The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-05260-9.
  22. ^ Schulze, Kirsten (October 2010). "Tripoli, Lebanon". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Reference Online.
  23. ^ "Jami' al-Mansuri al-Kabir". Archnet. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  24. ^ a b c Luz, Nimrod (2002). "Tripoli Reinvented: A Case of Mamluk Urbanization". In Lev, Yaacov (ed.). Towns and material culture in the medieval Middle East. Brill. pp. 53–71. ISBN 9004125434.
  25. ^ a b Bloom & Blair 2009, Tripoli (i)
  26. ^ Altan, Çetin (2021). "Tripoli City in the East Mediterranean in the Fight of Mamluk-Crusader". Journal of Turkology. 31 (1): 185–197. doi:10.26650/iuturkiyat.793525.
  27. ^ Demir, Beyza Topuz (1 January 2020). "The Mamluk City in the Middle East: History, Culture, and Urban Landscape". İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi (43): 198–203. doi:10.26570/isad.650332. ISSN 1301-3289.
  28. ^ a b Tadmouri, O. AS., Tarikh Tarablus al-siyasi wa'-hadari Aabr al-'usour, Tripoli, 1984. (in Arabic) [full citation needed]
  29. ^ "Jami' al-Mansuri al-Kabir". Archnet. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  30. ^ a b Mahamid, Hatim (2009). "Mosques as higher educational institutions in Mamluk Syria". Journal of Islamic Studies. 20 (2): 188–212. doi:10.1093/jis/etp002.
  31. ^ Mohamad, Danah (2020). Review of the Development and Change of Tripoli Bazaar in Lebanon (PDF). Bursa Uludağ University (Master's thesis). p. 81.
  32. ^ "Qantara – Madrasa al-Qartâwîyya". www.qantara-med.org. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  33. ^ a b c Gade, Tina (24 November 2022). Sunni City: Tripoli from Islamist Utopia to the Lebanese 'Revolution'. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–37. ISBN 9781009222754.
  34. ^ a b c d e Simon, Alex (30 January 2017). "The city that didn't know where to start – Tripoli's revolving stalemate". synaps.network. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  35. ^ Middle East International No 259, 27 September 1985, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Jim Muir pp.7,8
  36. ^ Middle East International No 260, 11 October 1985, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Jim Muir pp.10,11
  37. ^ "Tripoli City Profile | UN-Habitat". unhabitat.org. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  38. ^ Gebeily, Maya. "Portrait of poverty in Lebanon as UN visits poorest place on Med". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  39. ^ Parreira, Christiana (23 October 2019). "The art of not governing". Synaps.
  40. ^ Riad Yazbeck. "Return of the Pink Panthers?" Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine. Mideast Monitor. Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2008
  41. ^ "Klimatafel von Tripoli el-Mina / Libanon" (PDF). dwd.de (in German). German Meteorological Office. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Hammam Al-Nouri". Tripoli-Lebanon.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  43. ^ "International Fair of Tripoli". Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  44. ^ McManus, Manus (3 November 2016). "International Fair of Tripoli by Oscar Niemeyer". e-architect. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  45. ^ "Three sites 'in danger' added to UNESCO World Heritage List". CNN. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  46. ^ "Projects :: BIAT". biatcenter.org.
  47. ^ "About us". Tripoli Special Economic Zone. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  48. ^ "Lebanon's former finance minister hails special economic zone achievements". Xinhua Net. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018.
  49. ^ "Robert Fadel – روبير فاضل". www.robertfadel.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  50. ^ Cornish, Chloe (5 October 2020). "Billionaires and bankrupts: Lebanon's second city highlights inequality". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  51. ^ "Tripoli-Lebanon.com Tourism-Khans Page". www.tripoli-lebanon.com.
  52. ^ The inhabitants observe regularly oïl spills near Jiyeh

Further reading

[edit]
Published in the 19th–20th century
Published in the 21st century
[edit]